The Effects of Drug Subsidies on Out-of Pocket Prescription Drug Expenditures by Seniors: Regional Evidence from Canada

Between 1970 and 1986 all Canadian provinces introduced some version of a prescription drug subsidy for those age 65 or over and since 1986, all the provinces have increased copayments or deductibles to some degree. Employing a first-order approximation to the welfare gains from a subsidy, we find evidence that these subsidies have been less redistributive than an absolute per household cash transfer but slightly more redistributive than a transfer that would increase each household's income by the same percentage. Such evidence may have relevance for predicting the redistributive effects of a potential national prescription drug plan for seniors in the United States.prescription drug subsidies; incidence; redistribution; progressivity

The Effects of Drug Subsidies on Out-of Pocket Prescription Drug Expenditures by Seniors: Regional Evidence from Canada

Between 1970 and 1986 all Canadian provinces introduced some version of a prescription drug subsidy for those age 65 or over and since 1986, all the provinces have increased copayments or deductibles to some degree. Employing a first-order approximation to the welfare gains from a subsidy, we find evidence that these subsidies have been less redistributive than an absolute per household cash transfer but slightly more redistributive than a transfer that would increase each household's income by the same percentage. Such evidence may have relevance for predicting the redistributive effects of a potential national prescription drug plan for seniors in the United States.Prescription drug subsidies; Incidence; Redistribution; Progressivity

Quasi-free Compton Scattering from the Deuteron and Nucleon Polarizabilities

Cross sections for quasi-free Compton scattering from the deuteron were measured for incident energies of 236--260 MeV at the laboratory angle -135 degrees. The recoil nucleons were detected in a liquid-scintillator array situated at 20 degrees. The measured differential cross sections were used, with the calculations of Levchuk et al., to determine the polarizabilities of the bound nucleons. For the bound proton, the extracted values were consistent with the accepted value for the free proton. Combining our results for the bound neutron with those from Rose et al., we obtain one-sigma constraints of alpha_n = 7.6-14.0 and beta_n = 1.2-7.6.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, accepted in PR

Evaluation of Conservation Problems for Restoration of Great Karaosmanoğlu Khan, İzmir, Turkey

Ottoman khans, built in the cities, are cultural assets that need to be preserved as they reflect the social, cultural and economic condition of the cities of the time when they were built. Great Karaosmanoğlu Khan, which is located in Kemeraltı, the historical market district of İzmir, Turkey, is one of the surviving khans that has considerably preserved its original architectural characteristics. The khan dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and is still used for commercial purposes. However, it has been subjected to partial demolishment and a series of inappropriate interventions. These inappropriate interventions and neglected condition also brought some material problems to the building. The aim of this study is to evaluate all these problems and present restoration decisions for conservation of the building. The restoration proposal aims to preserve the remaining original characteristics, to reveal the lost values within the scope of contemporary conservation theory as well as to find a compatible use for the building

COMPARISON OF WOOD, GAINES, PARABOLIC, HAYASHI, DHANNO AND POLYNOMIAL MODELS FOR LACTATION SEASON CURVE OF SIMMENTAL COWS

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine a suitable nonlinear model explaining the lactation season curve of Simmental cows. Monthly milk yield records representing the test days milk yield of 777 Simmental cows were used to estimate lactation curve parameters by using Wood, Gaines, Parabolic, Hayashi, Dhanno and (second degree) polynomial models and to compare the shape of lactation season curves resulted from fitting all of these models. These models were given in explanation of the parameters and according to the lactation season, the parameters a, b and c for these models at all the periods were estimated. Secondly, the formula of some criteria, such as time to peak, peak production, turning point time and turning point production, are presented in mathematical procedure and then t the criteria values are calculated for all of the examined models. Furthermore, partial derivatives of the models according to the parameters were given in mathematical procedure. For the season, winter, spring, summer, fall and without season the lactation curve graphs for all the nonlinear models were drawn, respectively. Moreover, the best nonlinear model was used to determine the adjusted coefficient determination 2 adj ( R ) , mean square prediction error (MSPE) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC). The runs test was used for determining whether data differ systematically according theoretical curves. Generally, polynomial model gave the best nonlinearmodel to the data compared to the other models

COMPARISON OF MODELS AND ESTIMATION OF MISSING PARAMETERS OF SOME MATHEMATICAL MODELS RELATED TO IN SITU DRY MATTER DEGRADATION

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate missing parameters of the models such as the Orskov, Gompertz, Logistic and Richard models. These missing parameters for some models were estimated on the rapidly soluble fraction, the insoluble but potentially degradable fraction and the partial potentially degradable fraction. No difference was found among the values of these parameters (P>0.05), except for the constant rate of degredation. Besides, other missing parameters of the models studied were: partial dry matter disappearance in rumen for the percent rate at time t (t p ) and Rt p , rate of the partial dry matter disapparance in rumen at the time t p (t 0 , t 25 , t 50 , t 75 and t 95 ). These values and formulas for these values in different time intervals were also obtained. The second objective was especially on the comparison of the results of all t p`s (t 25 , t 50 , t 75 and t 95 ) and Rt p`s (Rt 0 , Rt 25 , Rt 50 , Rt 75 and Rt 95 ) in the models. The results of all t p`s and Rt p`s in the models were compatible with each other (P>0.05). The thirth objective was to investigate the fit performance of the models for in situ degradation studies. Some criteria used with the purpose of evaluating performances of models studied were on the analysis of residual (The Runs test and Durbin Watson) and goodness-of-fit (Residual Mean Square, the coefficient of determination and F-ratio). As a result of this study, while the Orskov model showed the best statistical performance and goodness of fit, the Richard model showed the worst. it is determined that the Gompertz model showed a systematic deviation from the data and is not appropriate for describing in situ data

Human fascioliasis

ABSTRACTFasciola hepatica, a zoonotic liver fluke, can also cause disease in humans. Common symptoms are epigastric pain, upper abdominal pain and malaise. Fever and arthralgia are common in acute fascioliasis. Eosinophilia is the predominant laboratory finding, especially in patients with the acute form of the disease. Diagnosis and treatment is not easy, as physicians rarely encounter this disease, and effective drugs are not available in many countries. Human fascioliasis may be underestimated. Patients with eosinophilia and abdominal pain should be evaluated for F. hepatica infestation by parasitological, radiological and serological tests

The Analysis of Collective Efficacy Perceptions of Athletes Playing in Table Tennis Leagues In Turkey in Terms of Some Variables,

In team sports, trust and the belief in being successful (collective efficacy) among the athletes of team sports can be effective on performance. In the meantime, analyses of the factors that can be an effective factor on perceptions of collective efficacy become more of an issue in terms of bringing a different perspective to the subject. Therefore, the purpose here is to research the level of collective efficacy of athletes playing in table tennis leagues in Turkey and the reasons affecting it. Target population of the study is composed of 597 players playing in table tennis leagues of Turkey; its sample constitutes randomly selected 224 table tennis players. A two-part questionnaire containing questions related to the demographic features and collective conscious levels was applied to the participants. The questionnaire used in the study was previously used in another study and its reliability was provided. Data of the questionnaire obtained from the participants were analyzed with PASW Statistic 18 package program. Following the reliability analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was found as 0.90. As directed to the purpose of the study, Pearson correlation coefficient was used in analysis of data and Kruskal Wallis test was applied in comparisons with three or more groups. Moreover, Chi-Square test was used for independence research. Regression analyses were carried out with the purpose of determining to what extent the variables affect each other. In line with the researches conducted and data obtained, significant relations (<0.05) were found between the participants’ age, period of being registered athletics, duration of playing in the same team and their collective efficacy perceptions. The more these variables increase, the more the belief in the team and skills of team players increase in a positive way. In summary, it was concluded that the variables of age,sex, period of being registered athletics, duration of playing in the same team and total number of athletes are the factors that are effective on collective efficacy perception and it was found that 82% of the participants are of the opinion that their teams have the capacity to show good performance

Radiative pion capture by a nucleon

The differential cross sections for $\pi^- p \to \gamma n$ and $\pi^+ n \to \gamma p$ are computed up to $O(p^3)$ in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT). The expressions at $O(p)$ and $O(p^2)$ have no free parameters. There are three unknown parameters at $O(p^3)$, low energy constants of the HBChPT Lagrangian, which are determined by fitting to experimental data. Two acceptable fits are obtained, which can be separated by comparing with earlier dispersion relation calculations of the inverse process. Expressions for the multipoles, with emphasis on the p-wave multipoles, are obtained and evaluated at threshold. Generally the results obtained from the best of the two fits are in good agreement with the dispersion relation predictions.Comment: 24 pages, Latex, using RevTe